bittersweet chocolate in Coffee - Which Coffees Taste Like It | Unpacking Coffee [Skip to content](#main-content) [ ![Unpacking Coffee Logo](/images/cuppin-logo.svg) Unpacking Coffee ](https://unpacking.coffee) [ Coffees ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees) [ Roasters ](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters) [ Clubs ](https://unpacking.coffee/clubs) [ Cuppings ](https://unpacking.coffee/cuppings) [ Recipes ](https://unpacking.coffee/recipes) [ Origins ](https://unpacking.coffee/origins) [ Log in ](https://unpacking.coffee/login) [ ](https://unpacking.coffee/login "Log in") [ Register ](https://unpacking.coffee/register) [ ](https://unpacking.coffee/register "Register") [ Flavors ](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors) bittersweet chocolate bittersweet chocolate ===================== Bittersweet chocolate is a common flavor profile found in many specialty coffee origins, particularly those with darker roast profiles. This flavor often presents with notes of cocoa, dark chocolate, and a slightly bitter, yet sweet, finish. It is commonly associated with coffees from Central and South America, as well as some African origins. On Unpacking Coffee, **bittersweet chocolate** has been tasted in **5 cuppings** across **4 coffees** from **4 roasters** . Those coffees came from **Colombia** , **Ethiopia** and **Nicaragua** . They are usually **washed** — 2 of the 2 with a recorded process. Tasters also noted **clove** , **apricot** , **bing cherry** and **black tea** in the same cuppings. 5 cuppings logged 4 coffees tracked 4 roasters offering 3 growing origins Based on 5 cuppings logged here, most recently June 9, 2026. Cuppings Coffees that taste of bittersweet chocolate ### [ Lo Mejor de Monserrate ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/46-lo-mejor-de-monserrate) by [Coava Coffee Roasters](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/70-coava-coffee-roasters) Species Arabica Country [Colombia](https://unpacking.coffee/origins/colombia) First noted Sep 03, 2025 Last tasted Sep 04, 2025 2 cuppings [ bittersweet chocolate](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/131 "bittersweet chocolate") [ clove](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/47 "clove") [ apricot](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/4 "apricot") [ orange peel](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/132 "orange peel") [ grapefruit](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/20 "grapefruit") ### [ Dark Star ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/163-dark-star) by [Linea Caffe](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/226-linea-caffe-1) First noted Jun 09, 2026 Last tasted Jun 09, 2026 1 cupping [ bittersweet chocolate](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/131 "bittersweet chocolate") [ bing cherry](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/167 "bing cherry") [ mandarin orange](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/142 "mandarin orange") ### [ Ethiopia Danche ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/81-ethiopia-danche) by [Heart Coffee Roasters](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/47-heart-coffee-roasters) Process Washed Varieties [Wolisho](https://unpacking.coffee/varieties/87-wolisho), [Dega](https://unpacking.coffee/varieties/88-dega) Country [Ethiopia](https://unpacking.coffee/origins/ethiopia) Region Gedeb Elevation 1950-2200m First noted Nov 08, 2025 Last tasted Nov 08, 2025 3 cuppings [ peach](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/3 "peach") [ lilac](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/143 "lilac") [ jasmine](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/55 "jasmine") [ white peach](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/147 "white peach") [ cotton candy](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/101 "cotton candy") ### [ Nicaragua Micro Lot ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/86-nicaragua-micro-lot) by [Puff Coffee](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/239-puff-coffee) Process Washed Varieties [Caturra](https://unpacking.coffee/varieties/12-caturra), [Maragogype](https://unpacking.coffee/varieties/24-maragogype) Country [Nicaragua](https://unpacking.coffee/origins/nicaragua) Region Nueva Segovia Elevation 1500m Source Finca Acopio Suyatal First noted Nov 16, 2025 Last tasted Nov 16, 2025 1 cupping [ bittersweet chocolate](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/131 "bittersweet chocolate") [ oolong tea](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/151 "oolong tea") [ caramel](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/23 "caramel") Tasted alongside [ clove×2](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/47 "clove") [ apricot×1](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/4 "apricot") [ bing cherry×1](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/167 "bing cherry") [ black tea×1](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/65 "black tea") [ caramel×1](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/23 "caramel") [ grapefruit×1](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/20 "grapefruit") [ honey×1](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/22 "honey") [ jasmine×1](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/55 "jasmine") [ mandarin orange×1](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/142 "mandarin orange") [ marshmallow×1](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/30 "marshmallow") [ oolong tea×1](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/151 "oolong tea") [ orange peel×1](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/132 "orange peel") Where these coffees grow [ Colombia 1 ](https://unpacking.coffee/origins/colombia) [ Ethiopia 1 ](https://unpacking.coffee/origins/ethiopia) [ Nicaragua 1 ](https://unpacking.coffee/origins/nicaragua) How they're processed 2 of the 4 coffees record a process. Washed 2 Roasters whose coffees hit this note [ CC Coava Coffee Roasters 1 ](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/70-coava-coffee-roasters) [ HC Heart Coffee Roasters 1 ](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/47-heart-coffee-roasters) [ LC Linea Caffe 1 ](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/226-linea-caffe-1) [ PC Puff Coffee 1 ](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/239-puff-coffee) Questions about bittersweet chocolate in coffee ### What does bittersweet chocolate taste like in coffee? Bittersweet chocolate is a common flavor profile found in many specialty coffee origins, particularly those with darker roast profiles. This flavor often presents with notes of cocoa, dark chocolate, and a slightly bitter, yet sweet, finish. It is commonly associated with coffees from Central and South America, as well as some African origins. On Unpacking Coffee, bittersweet chocolate has been tasted in 5 cuppings across 4 coffees from 4 roasters. Those coffees came from Colombia, Ethiopia and Nicaragua. They are usually washed — 2 of the 2 with a recorded process. Tasters also noted clove, apricot, bing cherry and black tea in the same cuppings. ### Which coffees taste like bittersweet chocolate? 4 coffees have been tasted as bittersweet chocolate, including Lo Mejor de Monserrate by Coava Coffee Roasters, Dark Star by Linea Caffe and Ethiopia Danche by Heart Coffee Roasters. ### Where do coffees that taste of bittersweet chocolate come from? Those coffees came from Colombia, Ethiopia and Nicaragua. ### What flavors pair with bittersweet chocolate? Tasters also noted clove, apricot, bing cherry and black tea in the same cuppings. Recent cuppings with bittersweet chocolate tasted ### [ Dark Star ](https://unpacking.coffee/cuppings/246-dark-star-by-rbrigleb) Cupped By [@rbrigleb](https://unpacking.coffee/users/rbrigleb) Cupped On Jun 09, 2026 Since Roast 12 days Roaster [Linea Caffe](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/226-linea-caffe-1) Brew Method [ Espresso ](https://unpacking.coffee/recipes?brewing_method=3) ![Raymond Brigleb](https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/225614451dc9aee33be11e0f6876c18b?s=120&d=identicon) [ bittersweet chocolate](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/131 "The hex color #4C3A2E represents the deep, rich tones of bittersweet chocolate, capturing the balance of bitter and sweet that this flavor embodies.") [ bing cherry](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/167 "This deep burgundy-brown represents the dark, wine-like character of bing cherry while maintaining the earthy coffee foundation that grounds this fruit note.") [ mandarin orange](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/142 "The hex code #FFA500 represents the vibrant, warm orange color of a ripe mandarin orange, which accurately captures the visual essence of this coffee flavor.") ### [ Nicaragua Micro Lot ](https://unpacking.coffee/cuppings/140-nicaragua-micro-lot-by-rbrigleb) Cupped By [@rbrigleb](https://unpacking.coffee/users/rbrigleb) Cupped On Nov 16, 2025 Since Roast 10 days Roaster [Puff Coffee](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/239-puff-coffee) Brew Method [ Chemex ](https://unpacking.coffee/recipes?brewing_method=14) ![Raymond Brigleb](https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/225614451dc9aee33be11e0f6876c18b?s=120&d=identicon) Reliably delicious choice. [ bittersweet chocolate](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/131 "The hex color #4C3A2E represents the deep, rich tones of bittersweet chocolate, capturing the balance of bitter and sweet that this flavor embodies.") [ oolong tea](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/151 "The warm, earthy tone of the hex color #806643 represents the depth and nuance of the oolong tea flavor profile, which often features a range of subtle, layered notes.") [ caramel](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/23 "The warm, golden-yellow hex code #D4A017 represents the deep, toasted color of caramel, which is a fitting visual representation of this sweet and decadent coffee flavor.") ### [ Ethiopia Danche ](https://unpacking.coffee/cuppings/135-ethiopia-danche-by-rbrigleb-2) Cupped By [@rbrigleb](https://unpacking.coffee/users/rbrigleb) Cupped On Nov 08, 2025 Roaster [Heart Coffee Roasters](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/47-heart-coffee-roasters) Brew Method [ Hario V60 ](https://unpacking.coffee/recipes?brewing_method=15) ![Raymond Brigleb](https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/225614451dc9aee33be11e0f6876c18b?s=120&d=identicon) Loving this through a V60. [ marshmallow](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/30 "The marshmallow flavor in coffee evokes a soft, creamy texture and a delicate sweetness, reminiscent of the fluffy, white confection it is named after.") [ bittersweet chocolate](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/131 "The hex color #4C3A2E represents the deep, rich tones of bittersweet chocolate, capturing the balance of bitter and sweet that this flavor embodies.") [ jasmine](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/55 "The pale yellow-green hue of #F0E68C represents the soft, gentle, and natural floral qualities of the jasmine flavor.") [ honey](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/22 "Honey is a sweet, viscous flavor that can sometimes be found in specialty coffee. The golden hue of the color represents the rich, syrupy sweetness that honey can impart to the coffee's flavor profile.") ### [ Lo Mejor de Monserrate ](https://unpacking.coffee/cuppings/81-lo-mejor-de-monserrate-2025-09-04) Cupped By [@rbrigleb](https://unpacking.coffee/users/rbrigleb) Cupped On Sep 04, 2025 Roaster [Coava Coffee Roasters](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/70-coava-coffee-roasters) Brew Method [ Hario V60 ](https://unpacking.coffee/recipes?brewing_method=15) Brew Recipe [ Hario's V60 Recipe ](https://unpacking.coffee/recipes/1-harios-v60-recipe "Hario's V60 Recipe") ![Raymond Brigleb](https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/225614451dc9aee33be11e0f6876c18b?s=120&d=identicon) [ grapefruit](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/20 "The grapefruit flavor in coffee can evoke a bright, zesty, and slightly acidic taste profile, similar to the tangy and refreshing characteristics of the fruit itself.") [ bittersweet chocolate](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/131 "The hex color #4C3A2E represents the deep, rich tones of bittersweet chocolate, capturing the balance of bitter and sweet that this flavor embodies.") [ clove](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/47 "Clove has a warm, spicy aroma and flavor that can add depth and complexity to specialty coffee. The rich, earthy tones of clove complement the natural sweetness and acidity found in high-quality coffee beans.") [ black tea](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/65 "Black tea flavor in specialty coffee is often described as having a rich, earthy, and slightly smoky profile. This flavor is commonly found in coffees from East African origins, such as Ethiopia and Kenya, where the coffee cherries are dried with the skin still intact, imparting the tea-like qualities. The flavor can also be brought out through extended roasting profiles.") ### [ Lo Mejor de Monserrate ](https://unpacking.coffee/cuppings/80-lo-mejor-de-monserrate-2025-09-03) Cupped By [@rbrigleb](https://unpacking.coffee/users/rbrigleb) Cupped On Sep 03, 2025 Roaster [Coava Coffee Roasters](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/70-coava-coffee-roasters) Brew Method [ Chemex ](https://unpacking.coffee/recipes?brewing_method=14) ![Raymond Brigleb](https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/225614451dc9aee33be11e0f6876c18b?s=120&d=identicon) [ apricot](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/4 "Apricot is a bright, sweet, and fruity flavor that can be a delightful addition to specialty coffee. It often evokes the warm, sun-kissed hues of the apricot fruit and can add a subtle, yet distinctive, layer of complexity to the coffee's aroma and taste.") [ bittersweet chocolate](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/131 "The hex color #4C3A2E represents the deep, rich tones of bittersweet chocolate, capturing the balance of bitter and sweet that this flavor embodies.") [ clove](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/47 "Clove has a warm, spicy aroma and flavor that can add depth and complexity to specialty coffee. The rich, earthy tones of clove complement the natural sweetness and acidity found in high-quality coffee beans.") [ orange peel](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/132 "The hex code #FFA500 represents the vibrant, golden-orange hue of an orange peel, which visually captures the bright, citrusy nature of this coffee flavor.") Explore other flavors [ honey ](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/22) [ cherry ](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/5) [ milk chocolate ](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/33) [ black tea ](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/65) [ caramel ](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/23) [ peach ](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/3) [ dark chocolate ](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/34) [ butterscotch ](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/32) Use filters or recent searches to refine your results. Press Esc to close. Filters 12 showing Users 0 Coffees 0 Roasters 0 Recipes 0 Explore featured coffees Start typing to search across the entire database. [ ### [ Headliner Seasonal Blend ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/197-headliner-seasonal-blend) by [Broadsheet Coffee Roasters](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/300-broadsheet-coffee-roasters) First noted Sep 17, 2026 Last tasted Sep 17, 2026 1 cupping [ cherry](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/5 "cherry") [ fudge](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/128 "fudge") ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/197-headliner-seasonal-blend) [ ### [ Strawberry Shake ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/196-strawberry-shake) by [KOS Coffee Roasters](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/304-kos-coffee-roasters) Process Co-fermented and experimental (Strawberry) Varieties [Pink Bourbon](https://unpacking.coffee/varieties/1-pink-bourbon), [Castillo](https://unpacking.coffee/varieties/13-castillo) Country [Colombia](https://unpacking.coffee/origins/colombia) Region Quindío Elevation 1400m Source Viviana Martinez First noted Sep 16, 2026 Last tasted Sep 16, 2026 2 cuppings [ strawberries](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/259 "strawberries") [ peach](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/3 "peach") [ creamy](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/260 "creamy") ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/196-strawberry-shake) [ ### [ Peru Guardian del Bosque ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/195-peru-guardian-del-bosque) by [Northbound Coffee Roasters](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/301-northbound-coffee-roasters) Certifications Organic Process Natural Varieties [Geisha](https://unpacking.coffee/varieties/16-geisha) Country [Peru](https://unpacking.coffee/origins/peru) Region Amazonas Harvest 2025 Source Ronal Carranza Montenegro First noted Sep 10, 2026 Last tasted Sep 10, 2026 1 cupping [ dried strawberry](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/248 "dried strawberry") [ floral tropical fruit](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/257 "floral tropical fruit") [ fruit loops cereal](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/258 "fruit loops cereal") [ raw sugar](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/160 "raw sugar") ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/195-peru-guardian-del-bosque) [ ### [ Yembek Anaerobic Natural ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/194-yembek-anaerobic-natural) by [Broadsheet Coffee Roasters](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/300-broadsheet-coffee-roasters) Process Natural Varieties [SL34](https://unpacking.coffee/varieties/31-sl34) Country [Uganda](https://unpacking.coffee/origins/uganda) Region Kapchorwa Elevation 1800-2000m First noted Sep 08, 2026 Last tasted Sep 08, 2026 2 cuppings [ honey](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/22 "honey") [ raspberry](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/6 "raspberry") [ nectarine](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/126 "nectarine") ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/194-yembek-anaerobic-natural) [ ### [ Headliner ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/193-headliner) by [Broadsheet Coffee Roasters](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/300-broadsheet-coffee-roasters) Process Washed Varieties [Bourbon](https://unpacking.coffee/varieties/9-bourbon), [Heirloom](https://unpacking.coffee/varieties/84-heirloom) Country [Ethiopia](https://unpacking.coffee/origins/ethiopia) Region Yirgacheffe Elevation 1400-1800m First noted Sep 08, 2026 0 cuppings ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/193-headliner) [ ### [ Victor Florez Chiroso ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/192-victor-florez-chiroso) by [HEX Coffee Roasters](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/299-hex-coffee-roasters) Process Washed Varieties [Chiroso](https://unpacking.coffee/varieties/101-chiroso) Country [Colombia](https://unpacking.coffee/origins/colombia) Region Antioquia Elevation 1900m Source La Cartagena First noted Sep 04, 2026 Last tasted Sep 11, 2026 3 cuppings [ honeydew](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/221 "honeydew") [ tangerine blossom](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/254 "tangerine blossom") [ cocktail cherry](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/255 "cocktail cherry") [ cherry](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/5 "cherry") [ tangerine](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/123 "tangerine") ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/192-victor-florez-chiroso) [ ### [ Double Feature ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/191-double-feature) by [Messenger Coffee](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/298-messenger-coffee) and [Black & White Coffee Roasters](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/23-black-white-coffee-roasters) Process Thermal Shock Washed, Thermal Shock Natural Varieties [Pacamara](https://unpacking.coffee/varieties/27-pacamara) Country [Colombia](https://unpacking.coffee/origins/colombia) Region Huila Elevation 1750m First noted Sep 03, 2026 Last tasted Sep 03, 2026 1 cupping [ cherry blossom](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/253 "cherry blossom") [ peach](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/3 "peach") [ mango](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/15 "mango") [ pineapple](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/14 "pineapple") ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/191-double-feature) [ ### [ Gerba Dogo Sodu ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/190-gerba-dogo-sodu) by [Passenger Coffee Roasters](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/164-passenger-coffee-roasters) Process Washed Country [Ethiopia](https://unpacking.coffee/origins/ethiopia) Region Guji First noted Sep 02, 2026 0 cuppings ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/190-gerba-dogo-sodu) [ ### [ Kenya Gachuiro AB ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/189-kenya-gachuiro-ab) by [Heart Coffee Roasters](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/47-heart-coffee-roasters) Process Washed Varieties [SL28](https://unpacking.coffee/varieties/30-sl28), [SL34](https://unpacking.coffee/varieties/31-sl34) Country [Kenya](https://unpacking.coffee/origins/kenya) Region Nyeri First noted Aug 29, 2026 Last tasted Aug 29, 2026 1 cupping [ marionberry](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/177 "marionberry") [ honey](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/22 "honey") [ hibiscus](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/59 "hibiscus") [ cherry](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/5 "cherry") ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/189-kenya-gachuiro-ab) [ ### [ Harmufo ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/188-harmufo) by [SEY](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/288-sey) Process Washed Varieties [Ethiopian Landrace](https://unpacking.coffee/varieties/98-ethiopian-landrace) Country [Ethiopia](https://unpacking.coffee/origins/ethiopia) Region Gedeb Elevation 2,300–2,400m Source Harmufo First noted Aug 26, 2026 Last tasted Aug 27, 2026 2 cuppings [ lemon candy](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/251 "lemon candy") [ ripe stone fruit](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/252 "ripe stone fruit") [ honeydew](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/221 "honeydew") [ watermelon](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/111 "watermelon") [ meyer lemon](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/103 "meyer lemon") ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/188-harmufo) [ ### [ Mexico Maria Méndez ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/187-mexico-maria-mendez) by [Heart Coffee Roasters](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/47-heart-coffee-roasters) Process Washed Varieties [Bourbon](https://unpacking.coffee/varieties/9-bourbon) Country [Mexico](https://unpacking.coffee/origins/mexico) Region Chiapas Elevation 1400m First noted Aug 19, 2026 Last tasted Aug 19, 2026 1 cupping [ plum](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/10 "plum") [ almond](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/37 "almond") [ cola](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/98 "cola") ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/187-mexico-maria-mendez) [ ### [ The Answer ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/186-the-answer) by [Cat & Cloud Coffee](https://unpacking.coffee/roasters/44-cat-cloud-coffee) Process Washed, Natural Elevation 1,100-1,900m Source Various First noted Aug 17, 2026 Last tasted Aug 19, 2026 2 cuppings [ chocolate](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/108 "chocolate") [ caramel](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/23 "caramel") [ fruit](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/250 "fruit") [ butterscotch](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/32 "butterscotch") [ berries](https://unpacking.coffee/flavors/199 "berries") ](https://unpacking.coffee/coffees/186-the-answer)